The granites are mostly very-coarse grained, ranging in type from microgranites to porphyroid granites. To the south west, the granite contact is of a more intrusive nature, whereas to the north east it changes to being more tectonic. The summit of Mont Blanc is located at the point of contact of these two rock types. Mont Blanc and adjacent mountains in the massif are predominately formed from a large intrusion of granite (termed a batholith) which was forced up through a basement layer of gneiss and mica schists during the Variscan mountain-forming event of the late Palaeozoic period. The 11.6 km ( 7 + 1⁄ 4 mi) Mont Blanc Tunnel, constructed between 19, runs beneath the mountain and is a major transalpine transport route. A cable car ascends and crosses the mountain range from Courmayeur to Chamonix through the Col du Géant. The latter town was the site of the first Winter Olympics. The three towns and their communes which surround Mont Blanc are Courmayeur in Aosta Valley, Italy and Saint-Gervais-les-Bains and Chamonix in Haute-Savoie, France. The most popular climbing route to the summit of Mont Blanc is the Goûter Route, which typically takes two days. The Mont Blanc massif is popular for outdoor activities like hiking, climbing, trail running and winter sports like skiing, and snowboarding. Ownership of the summit area has long been disputed between France and Italy. Mont Blanc's summit lies on the watershed line between the valleys of Ferret and Veny in Italy, and the valleys of Montjoie, and Arve in France. It gives its name to the Mont Blanc massif, which straddles parts of France, Italy and Switzerland. It is the second-most prominent mountain in Europe, after Mount Elbrus, and it is the eleventh most prominent mountain summit in the world. Mont Blanc ( BrE: / ˌ m ɒ ˈ b l ɒ( k)/ AmE: / ˌ m ɑː n( t) ˈ b l ɑː ŋ k/ French: Mont Blanc Italian: Monte Bianco, both meaning "white mountain") is the highest mountain in the Alps and Western Europe, and the highest mountain in Europe outside the Caucasus mountains, rising 4,807.81 m (15,774 ft) above sea level, located on the French-Italian border.
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